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American
Ginseng -
Panacea from the Eastern Woodlands
American Ginseng (Panax
quinquefolius) is a
small, slow growing perennial herb from the eastern hardwood forests of
North America. Its five-leafed branches (giving the plant its specific
name,
quinquefolius) rise knee-high above the rich forest soil. A delicate
cluster of white
flowers hide below the leaves, developing into crimson red berries by
fall. The
root lies buried in the soil, forming branches that give it a human
shape.
Indigenous cultures in both Asia and North America
recognized the human shape of the roots. The Chinese name for the
plant, "Jin-chen" (from where we get the word "ginseng") and the
Amerindian name
"garantoquen" both translate to mean "man-root". The native people of
North America
used ginseng long before the European colonists arrived, not only as
medicine but also for spiritual and ceremonial purposes.
- The Seneca tribe recognized ginseng as one
of its five
most valuable plant medicines.
- The Crow and Penobscots used it to enhance
female health.
- The Meskwaki combined it with other plants
to increase
the power of those herbs. The Meskwaki women also used the herb to
attract a husband, whereas Pawnee men used ginseng as a love charm to
attract women.
- The Menominee considered ginseng a
strengthener of
mental health, and also chewed the root to attract deer during hunting
parties.
- The Iroquois used it in many ways,
including smoking the
dried roots. Ginseng was very popular with the early lacrosse players
as a sports medicine.
- The Seminoles used a decoction of ginseng
externally as
a body rub or steam bath.
- The Cherokee, Creeks, Houmas, Mimacs,
Mohegans, and
Potawatomis also used ginseng as both medicine and tonic.
The early trade of ginseng between the Native
Americans and European settlers began in the early 1700s. By the
mid-1700s,
ginseng was in such high demand that French traders in Quebec
contracted with
local Indians to purchase all the ginseng they could find, effectively
wiping
out the native stands of the herb around Montreal. In the early 1800s,
ginseng
sold for $1 per pound. By 1900, the root was selling for $5 per pound.
Today,
American ginseng sells for up to $200 per pound with exports valued at
over $28
million.
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